Gloria Hills

Cryogenics is the study of how materials react at very low temperatures – usually bellow -180 C. This figure was chosen as a dividing line since the boiling points of ‘permanent gases’ such as helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen and oxygen, are all below -180 C, while the boiling points of the Freon refrigerants are above -180 C.

The History of Cryogenic Stress Relief

One of the most important breakthroughs in the field of cryogenics occurred in 1945, when scientists discovered that materials frozen to very low temperatures showed more resistance to long term wear. This discovery lead to the founding of the CryoTech company, who specialized in cryogenic processing by Ed Bush, in 1966.

Cryogenic Processing and Stress Relief

Cryogenic stress relief is very effective in relieving stress from parts before, during, and after machining. This stress relief process is very thorough, assuming that the warm up process is very slow and deliberate. If you rush the process, you end up re-introducing residual stress back in to the parts.

Metal parts, castings, forging, plastica, and composite materials all respond well to cryogenic processing. It is a non-destructive process, which does not affect the carbon content of steel, and leaves any surfaces clean and free of oxides. Unlike heat stress relief, there is no discoloration. The process essentially deadens the stress in welded or machined components, and can make a big difference to the durability of parts requiring intricate machine processing.

Aluminum can benefit from cryogenic stress relief, as can non-ferrous metals. They become stronger and tougher as a result of the densification of their molecular structure, making them as close to stress-dead as possible.

Changes in Molecular Structure

One of the main practical questions is what can be done to relieve the stresses before machining? Advances in cryogenics have revealed that when parts are treated to temperatures of around -300 F, at a controlled time / temperature cycle, all internal stresses are revealed. This is because of the alignment of the molecular structure that was distorted during the process. When parts that have been through cryogenic stress relief are machined, there will be no distortion on the machined surface. If there is any distortion, it will be due to improper machining, or dull tools.

Cryogenics is still a relatively new science, and it is one that has a bright and promising future.

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Pet Finder is one of the biggest websites in the world that deals with the adoption of unwanted pets. It is essence a database of animals housed in pet shelters and pounds.

Pet Finder is to be found under Petfinder.org or Petfinder.com and was the brainchild of Jared and Betsy Saul in 1996. Surprisingly the pair had not been active in the pet adoption world before, but decided as a New Year’s resolution during Christmas 1995 that they should use their computer and internet skills to do some good. So a computer program was written and animal shelters contacted, and Pet Finder started from the Saul’s Pittstown, New Jersey home.

Within twelve months the Pet Finder website was receiving a thousand hits each and every day, and soon almost every shelter and home in New Jersey had joined the site as members. Thus in 1998 the website expanded to include shelters from across the United States, and whilst Jared stayed on in his radiology work, Betsy quit as an urban forester to run the company full time.

So now in its twelfth year Pet Finder has moved on to advertise in excess of two hundred thousand available pets every single day. The website displays information from ten thousand animal shelters and pounds, most of which are in North America, United States and Canada, but there is also information of pets housed elsewhere in the world.

As the website is paid for by sponsors, including pet food companies and private donations, the site is free to join and search, although the site is now owned by the Discovery Television Company. Through the website, viewers can locate many small animals, including, birds, cats, dogs and rabbits, all available for adoption. Potential owners can search the database by type of animal, breed, gender, size and age, with results shown by nearest vicinity.

There have been a huge number of successful adoptions caused by the website, an estimated ten million in the twelve years. Many of the pounds and shelters report that Pet Finder has doubled the number of people seeking to adopt. Each shelter that is a member of the site is given their own page within the site, and it is their staffs who keep the list of pets up to date.

Pet Finder has ensured that many more pets have found a new home, and as a result fewer pets have had to be put down. With new ownership it appears that pet adoption is going to be far simpler for many years to come.

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Loki loved to go hiking and camping. By the time she was 6, she had been up and down the West Coast and seen everything from deserts to mountains. During the day, she alternated between roaming the trails and riding around on top of her dad’s backpack. At night, she shared a tent, and frequently a sleeping bag, with her parents. No one in is quite sure how they started taking Loki hiking and camping. After all, it’s not exactly usual to bring your Siamese cat with you when you go hiking in Death Valley or the high country in Oregon.

Although Loki’s parents may have been a little ahead of their time, today it is completely common for people to bring their companion animals on trips of all types. If you are planning to travel with your pet, here are some tips to make the trip significantly more enjoyable for both you and your furry or feathered friends.

First and foremost, make sure that the place(s) you are planning to stay accepts animals. The book Vacationing with Your Pet is an invaluable resource for identifying pet friendly hotels across the country.
Put identification tags on all your animals – even those remaining at home. If you know the information, put a temporary tag on your dog or cat (the ones you get at the airport to put on your luggage work great) with the phone number and address of the home or hotel where you will be staying your trip.
Ensure that you have plenty of food and water for your pet. The Pet King Travel Bowl and Jr. Pet King Travel Bowl are compact, lightweight, and feature leak-proof lids. If you are just gone for the day, fill the bowls in advance and bring them with you. They are perfect for picnics and hotel room feedings.
Put a copy of the book Pet First Aid in your car or suitcase. This book is approved for use by the American Red Cross and covers just about any situation – from snake bites and bee stings to treating seizures.
If you are planning to travel by car, make sure that your animal is safely restrained. And never leave your companion animal in a car unattended. The outside air may be a pleasing 75 degrees, but the car’s interior can heat up to 100 degrees in just 10 minutes. Leaving the windows partly rolled down will not prevent the car from becoming an oven. Every year, numerous pets die in cars because their owners left them in a hot car for “only a few minutes.”

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Educational toys enable children to learn as they play. Educational toys help a child acquire new skills and improve their current ones all the while having fun. Educational toys are great at this – in encouraging learning in a fun environment. Educational toys are not only fun but practical. Of course, there are important factors that a parent needs to consider in getting the best educational toys for their children:

1. Consider the child’s age when choosing educational toys. There are educational toys in the market available for all age groups. Check the labels of toys for age appropriateness. Electronic toys, breakable toys, and those with minute parts are definitely not for infants. Consider safety fore mostly. The best for smaller kids are ones that activate the senses and are good for motor skills – toys producing, sounds, turning buttons, push and pull, filling and emptying, bobbing bath toys, squishy toys, clay or shapes. A one year old would probably only throw number or letter blocks without recognizing the idea of numbers. So not too complicated; neither should you underestimate a preschooler with toys meant only for younger kids. Maybe you should challenge them with more books (picture books and pop-ups are so much fun) or chalk boards, flash cards, toy clocks and globes, and puzzles.

2. Also consider a child’s interest. A child could be interested more in sports than in music or art for example. Observe if he likes to bang things more than scribble. Try to get an idea of your child’s “field” before buying educational toys.

3. Let your child’s imagination work. Children’s play is often centered on their little worlds, and getting their minds working creatively greatly stimulates and develops their minds. The more the toy encourages creative thinking and make-believe, the better. Toys that are good at this are building blocks, arts and crafts, coloring books, stuffed animals, doll set, action figures, cars, and science and discovery toys like binoculars, archeology tools, veterinarian kits, habitats, and the likes.

4. Watch-and-learn toys are magnificent. Toys that are imitative of adults’ activities always get a child’s attention. The average cooking play set goes a long way in a child’s learning. So does sports toys like ping pong play or dad’s favorite shooting hoops basketball and profession toys like doctor’s kit.

5. Educational toys should be fun. The best way for a child to learn is probably by having fun. Whatever that interests your child stimulates his brain to get ready for learning. Educational toys serve this purpose. It is important for educational toys to be entertaining to foster brain activity stimulation. It has been scientifically proven that this brain stimulation through activating interest in a child help develop thought and reflex patterns and a good hand-eye coordination. Plus, fun is an important factor in choosing an educational toy since the child won’t even notice that lessons are being taught while he is playing. And lastly, fun is great way to get a child’s attention and focus in the first place. Thus, educational toys should be fun in the best way they could be.

Exposure to educational toys in the early formative years of learning, during times of perception with awe and surprise, when a child’s brain acts like a quick sponge absorbing great new experiences playing a huge part in a child’s capacity for learning in the later stages of his life. It is then responsibility of every parent to provide educational toys for their child to get them a head start in early development helping them explore the world around them. Grab some of these tips and watch your child maximize his abilities.

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